官网相关
通过 google 可以查到两个 nginx 的网站， http://nginx.org/ 和 https://www.nginx.com/。其中前者是开源项目，后者是商业化项目，即nginx plus。
两者的差别可以参考网上的一些文章，比如：https://www.nginx.com/blog/whats-difference-nginx-foss-nginx-plus/，简单地说一个是开源免费的+社区支持，一个是商业化收费+专人技术支持的。
安装包安装
对于常见的x86 linux系统来说，nginx的安装可以通过系统的安装工具来执行，比如：
RedHat 系列的Redhat、Centos、Fedora等可以用yum命令安装：yum install nginx
Debian 系列的Debian、Ubuntu等可以用apt-get命令安装：apt-get install nginx
本文对通过安装包安装nginx不做过多描述，具体可以参考 http://nginx.org/en/docs/install.html
编译安装
对于自带编译系统的linux环境（通常是x86系统下的RedHat和Debian系列的Linux系统），nginx也可以通过直接的编译安装，我们以当前最新的稳定版本为例，大致步骤如下：
wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.17.0.tar.gz
tar -xzvf nginx-1.17.0.tar.gz
cd nginx-1.17.0/
通过命令 find -name CMakeLists.txt 可以确认nginx使用的不是Cmake这套编译管理系统，看到根目录下有 configure 文件，所以便知编译应该是 configure、make、make install等步骤。
编译配置configure
./configure –help 包含了很多内容：
./configure --help
--help print this message
--prefix=PATH set installation prefix
--sbin-path=PATH set nginx binary pathname
--modules-path=PATH set modules path
--conf-path=PATH set nginx.conf pathname
--error-log-path=PATH set error log pathname
--pid-path=PATH set nginx.pid pathname
--lock-path=PATH set nginx.lock pathname
--user=USER set non-privileged user for
worker processes
--group=GROUP set non-privileged group for
worker processes
--build=NAME set build name
--builddir=DIR set build directory
--with-select_module enable select module
--without-select_module disable select module
--with-poll_module enable poll module
--without-poll_module disable poll module
--with-threads enable thread pool support
--with-file-aio enable file AIO support
--with-http_ssl_module enable ngx_http_ssl_module
--with-http_v2_module enable ngx_http_v2_module
--with-http_realip_module enable ngx_http_realip_module
--with-http_addition_module enable ngx_http_addition_module
--with-http_xslt_module enable ngx_http_xslt_module
--with-http_xslt_module=dynamic enable dynamic ngx_http_xslt_module
--with-http_image_filter_module enable ngx_http_image_filter_module
--with-http_image_filter_module=dynamic
enable dynamic ngx_http_image_filter_module
--with-http_geoip_module enable ngx_http_geoip_module
--with-http_geoip_module=dynamic enable dynamic ngx_http_geoip_module
--with-http_sub_module enable ngx_http_sub_module
--with-http_dav_module enable ngx_http_dav_module
--with-http_flv_module enable ngx_http_flv_module
--with-http_mp4_module enable ngx_http_mp4_module
--with-http_gunzip_module enable ngx_http_gunzip_module
--with-http_gzip_static_module enable ngx_http_gzip_static_module
--with-http_auth_request_module enable ngx_http_auth_request_module
--with-http_random_index_module enable ngx_http_random_index_module
--with-http_secure_link_module enable ngx_http_secure_link_module
--with-http_degradation_module enable ngx_http_degradation_module
--with-http_slice_module enable ngx_http_slice_module
--with-http_stub_status_module enable ngx_http_stub_status_module
--without-http_charset_module disable ngx_http_charset_module
--without-http_gzip_module disable ngx_http_gzip_module
--without-http_ssi_module disable ngx_http_ssi_module
--without-http_userid_module disable ngx_http_userid_module
--without-http_access_module disable ngx_http_access_module
--without-http_auth_basic_module disable ngx_http_auth_basic_module
--without-http_mirror_module disable ngx_http_mirror_module
--without-http_autoindex_module disable ngx_http_autoindex_module
--without-http_geo_module disable ngx_http_geo_module
--without-http_map_module disable ngx_http_map_module
--without-http_split_clients_module disable ngx_http_split_clients_module
--without-http_referer_module disable ngx_http_referer_module
--without-http_rewrite_module disable ngx_http_rewrite_module
--without-http_proxy_module disable ngx_http_proxy_module
--without-http_fastcgi_module disable ngx_http_fastcgi_module
--without-http_uwsgi_module disable ngx_http_uwsgi_module
--without-http_scgi_module disable ngx_http_scgi_module
--without-http_grpc_module disable ngx_http_grpc_module
--without-http_memcached_module disable ngx_http_memcached_module
--without-http_limit_conn_module disable ngx_http_limit_conn_module
--without-http_limit_req_module disable ngx_http_limit_req_module
--without-http_empty_gif_module disable ngx_http_empty_gif_module
--without-http_browser_module disable ngx_http_browser_module
--without-http_upstream_hash_module
disable ngx_http_upstream_hash_module
--without-http_upstream_ip_hash_module
disable ngx_http_upstream_ip_hash_module
--without-http_upstream_least_conn_module
disable ngx_http_upstream_least_conn_module
--without-http_upstream_random_module
disable ngx_http_upstream_random_module
--without-http_upstream_keepalive_module
disable ngx_http_upstream_keepalive_module
--without-http_upstream_zone_module
disable ngx_http_upstream_zone_module
--with-http_perl_module enable ngx_http_perl_module
--with-http_perl_module=dynamic enable dynamic ngx_http_perl_module
--with-perl_modules_path=PATH set Perl modules path
--with-perl=PATH set perl binary pathname
--http-log-path=PATH set http access log pathname
--http-client-body-temp-path=PATH set path to store
http client request body temporary files
--http-proxy-temp-path=PATH set path to store
http proxy temporary files
--http-fastcgi-temp-path=PATH set path to store
http fastcgi temporary files
--http-uwsgi-temp-path=PATH set path to store
http uwsgi temporary files
--http-scgi-temp-path=PATH set path to store
http scgi temporary files
--without-http disable HTTP server
--without-http-cache disable HTTP cache
--with-mail enable POP3/IMAP4/SMTP proxy module
--with-mail=dynamic enable dynamic POP3/IMAP4/SMTP proxy module
--with-mail_ssl_module enable ngx_mail_ssl_module
--without-mail_pop3_module disable ngx_mail_pop3_module
--without-mail_imap_module disable ngx_mail_imap_module
--without-mail_smtp_module disable ngx_mail_smtp_module
--with-stream enable TCP/UDP proxy module
--with-stream=dynamic enable dynamic TCP/UDP proxy module
--with-stream_ssl_module enable ngx_stream_ssl_module
--with-stream_realip_module enable ngx_stream_realip_module
--with-stream_geoip_module enable ngx_stream_geoip_module
--with-stream_geoip_module=dynamic enable dynamic ngx_stream_geoip_module
--with-stream_ssl_preread_module enable ngx_stream_ssl_preread_module
--without-stream_limit_conn_module disable ngx_stream_limit_conn_module
--without-stream_access_module disable ngx_stream_access_module
--without-stream_geo_module disable ngx_stream_geo_module
--without-stream_map_module disable ngx_stream_map_module
--without-stream_split_clients_module
disable ngx_stream_split_clients_module
--without-stream_return_module disable ngx_stream_return_module
--without-stream_upstream_hash_module
disable ngx_stream_upstream_hash_module
--without-stream_upstream_least_conn_module
disable ngx_stream_upstream_least_conn_module
--without-stream_upstream_random_module
disable ngx_stream_upstream_random_module
--without-stream_upstream_zone_module
disable ngx_stream_upstream_zone_module
--with-google_perftools_module enable ngx_google_perftools_module
--with-cpp_test_module enable ngx_cpp_test_module
--add-module=PATH enable external module
--add-dynamic-module=PATH enable dynamic external module
--with-compat dynamic modules compatibility
--with-cc=PATH set C compiler pathname
--with-cpp=PATH set C preprocessor pathname
--with-cc-opt=OPTIONS set additional C compiler options
--with-ld-opt=OPTIONS set additional linker options
--with-cpu-opt=CPU build for the specified CPU, valid values:
pentium, pentiumpro, pentium3, pentium4,
athlon, opteron, sparc32, sparc64, ppc64
--without-pcre disable PCRE library usage
--with-pcre force PCRE library usage
--with-pcre=DIR set path to PCRE library sources
--with-pcre-opt=OPTIONS set additional build options for PCRE
--with-pcre-jit build PCRE with JIT compilation support
--with-zlib=DIR set path to zlib library sources
--with-zlib-opt=OPTIONS set additional build options for zlib
--with-zlib-asm=CPU use zlib assembler sources optimized
for the specified CPU, valid values:
pentium, pentiumpro
--with-libatomic force libatomic_ops library usage
--with-libatomic=DIR set path to libatomic_ops library sources
--with-openssl=DIR set path to OpenSSL library sources
--with-openssl-opt=OPTIONS set additional build options for OpenSSL
--with-debug enable debug logging
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0#
我们重点看如下几个：
安装运行相关
–prefix=path
表示编译后的安装目录，还有若干个子目录以该设置为基础，比如 –sbin-path, –modules-path, –conf-path
–user=USER
–gourp=GROUP
这两个选项很多代码的configure文件是没有的，主要用于指定nginx工作进程用什么用户（组）运行，从而也就决定了nginx的访问权限，而且要求是非特权用户（即root或者有管理员权限的账户是不允许的），我理解这是因为nginx是一个服务，通过服务开放了一些系统资源给外部使用，如果使用管理员权限，则明显风险更大。
–with-select_module
–without-select_module
–with-poll_module
–without-poll_module
nginx的核心功能之一就是接受请求、分发请求，nginx需要操作管理大量的请求，采用高效的系统API（select、poll、epoll）是nginx高效运行的基础，这些选项一般采用默认值即可，configure会根据系统情况选择最合适的方式。
功能模块和第三方库
接下去就是nginx支持的一些基础模块，比较容易理解的比如：ssl、zip、proxy等，这些要根据实际需要打开或者关闭。很多模块打开的时候，需要第三方库支持，比如ssl，就会用到openssl，在常见的系统中，一般也直接使用apt-get或者yum命令安装即可，比如下面一个报错(缺少第三方库)和（安装第三方库的）处理方式：
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0# ./configure --prefix=/tmp/_instal
checking for OS
+ Linux 4.4.0-31-generic i686
checking for C compiler ... found
+ using GNU C compiler
+ gcc version: 4.8.4 (Ubuntu 4.8.4-2ubuntu1~14.04.3)
checking for gcc -pipe switch ... found
checking for -Wl,-E switch ... found
...... # 省略了很多输出
checking for struct dirent.d_namlen ... not found
checking for struct dirent.d_type ... found
checking for sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN) ... found
checking for sysconf(_SC_LEVEL1_DCACHE_LINESIZE) ... found
checking for openat(), fstatat() ... found
checking for getaddrinfo() ... found
checking for PCRE library ... not found
checking for PCRE library in /usr/local/ ... not found
checking for PCRE library in /usr/include/pcre/ ... not found
checking for PCRE library in /usr/pkg/ ... not found
checking for PCRE library in /opt/local/ ... not found
./configure: error: the HTTP rewrite module requires the PCRE library.
You can either disable the module by using --without-http_rewrite_module
option, or install the PCRE library into the system, or build the PCRE library
statically from the source with nginx by using --with-pcre= option.
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0#
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0# apt-get install libpcre3-dev
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
libpcrecpp0
The following NEW packages will be installed:
libpcre3-dev libpcrecpp0
0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 247 kB of archives.
After this operation, 870 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Get:1 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main libpcrecpp0 i386 1:8.31-2ubuntu2 [14.7 kB]
Get:2 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main libpcre3-dev i386 1:8.31-2ubuntu2 [232 kB]
Fetched 247 kB in 1s (131 kB/s)
Selecting previously unselected package libpcrecpp0:i386.
(Reading database ... 170757 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libpcrecpp0_1%3a8.31-2ubuntu2_i386.deb ...
Unpacking libpcrecpp0:i386 (1:8.31-2ubuntu2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libpcre3-dev:i386.
Preparing to unpack .../libpcre3-dev_1%3a8.31-2ubuntu2_i386.deb ...
Unpacking libpcre3-dev:i386 (1:8.31-2ubuntu2) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.6.7.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Setting up libpcrecpp0:i386 (1:8.31-2ubuntu2) ...
Setting up libpcre3-dev:i386 (1:8.31-2ubuntu2) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.19-0ubuntu6.9) ...
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0#
再比如下面一个类似的（缺少第三方库）报错和不同的处理方法，这个方法中我们（通过–without-http_gzip_module）直接关闭了http_gzip_module（假设我们不用这个功能），从而也避免了zip库不存在的报错：
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0# ./configure --prefix=/tmp/_install
checking for OS
+ Linux 4.4.0-31-generic i686
checking for C compiler ... found
+ using GNU C compiler
+ gcc version: 4.8.4 (Ubuntu 4.8.4-2ubuntu1~14.04.3)
checking for gcc -pipe switch ... found
checking for -Wl,-E switch ... found
...... # 省略了很多输出
checking for getaddrinfo() ... found
checking for PCRE library ... found
checking for PCRE JIT support ... found
checking for zlib library ... not found
./configure: error: the HTTP gzip module requires the zlib library.
You can either disable the module by using --without-http_gzip_module
option, or install the zlib library into the system, or build the zlib library
statically from the source with nginx by using --with-zlib= option.
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0#
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0# ./configure --prefix=/tmp/_install --without-http_gzip_module
checking for OS
+ Linux 4.4.0-31-generic i686
checking for C compiler ... found
+ using GNU C compiler
+ gcc version: 4.8.4 (Ubuntu 4.8.4-2ubuntu1~14.04.3)
checking for gcc -pipe switch ... found
checking for -Wl,-E switch ... found
...... # 省略了很多输出
checking for PCRE JIT support ... found
creating objs/Makefile
Configuration summary
+ using system PCRE library
+ OpenSSL library is not used
+ zlib library is not used
nginx path prefix: "/tmp/_install"
nginx binary file: "/tmp/_install/sbin/nginx"
nginx modules path: "/tmp/_install/modules"
nginx configuration prefix: "/tmp/_install/conf"
nginx configuration file: "/tmp/_install/conf/nginx.conf"
nginx pid file: "/tmp/_install/logs/nginx.pid"
nginx error log file: "/tmp/_install/logs/error.log"
nginx http access log file: "/tmp/_install/logs/access.log"
nginx http client request body temporary files: "client_body_temp"
nginx http proxy temporary files: "proxy_temp"
nginx http fastcgi temporary files: "fastcgi_temp"
nginx http uwsgi temporary files: "uwsgi_temp"
nginx http scgi temporary files: "scgi_temp"
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0#
编译工具相关
还有一些选项和编译工具相关，即可以指定编译器和设定编译选项，比如：
- –with-cc
- –with-cpp
- –with–cc_opt
- –with-ld
- –with-ld_opt
一般情况下，使用系统默认值即可。在交叉编译的环境下，就需要指定这些参数了。
待研究：
- –with-threads
- –with-file-aio
编译make
configure完成后，会有一段提示，类似如下：
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0# ./configure --prefix=/tmp/_install --without-http_gzip_module
checking for OS
+ Linux 4.4.0-31-generic i686
checking for C compiler ... found
+ using GNU C compiler
+ gcc version: 4.8.4 (Ubuntu 4.8.4-2ubuntu1~14.04.3)
checking for gcc -pipe switch ... found
checking for -Wl,-E switch ... found
...... # 省略了很多输出
checking for PCRE JIT support ... found
creating objs/Makefile
Configuration summary
+ using system PCRE library
+ OpenSSL library is not used
+ zlib library is not used
nginx path prefix: "/tmp/_install"
nginx binary file: "/tmp/_install/sbin/nginx"
nginx modules path: "/tmp/_install/modules"
nginx configuration prefix: "/tmp/_install/conf"
nginx configuration file: "/tmp/_install/conf/nginx.conf"
nginx pid file: "/tmp/_install/logs/nginx.pid"
nginx error log file: "/tmp/_install/logs/error.log"
nginx http access log file: "/tmp/_install/logs/access.log"
nginx http client request body temporary files: "client_body_temp"
nginx http proxy temporary files: "proxy_temp"
nginx http fastcgi temporary files: "fastcgi_temp"
nginx http uwsgi temporary files: "uwsgi_temp"
nginx http scgi temporary files: "scgi_temp"
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0#
从中可以看到我们这次配置打开了PCRE的支持（rewrite模块会用到），关闭了OpenSSL的支持（不支持ssl或者https），也关闭了zlib的支持
+ using system PCRE library
+ OpenSSL library is not used
+ zlib library is not used
之后可以执行make，最终输出类似如下：
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0# make
make -f objs/Makefile
make[1]: Entering directory `/tmp/nginx-1.17.0'
cc -c -pipe -O -W -Wall -Wpointer-arith -Wno-unused-parameter -Werror -g -I src/core -I src/event -I src/event/modules -I src/os/unix -I objs \
-o objs/src/core/nginx.o \
src/core/nginx.c
... # 省略了很多输出
cc -c -pipe -O -W -Wall -Wpointer-arith -Wno-unused-parameter -Werror -g -I src/core -I src/event -I src/event/modules -I src/os/unix -I objs \
-o objs/ngx_modules.o \
objs/ngx_modules.c
cc -o objs/nginx \
objs/src/core/nginx.o \
objs/src/core/ngx_log.o \
objs/src/core/ngx_palloc.o \
... # 省略了很多输出
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_upstream_random_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_upstream_keepalive_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_upstream_zone_module.o \
objs/ngx_modules.o \
-ldl -lpthread -lcrypt -lpcre \
-Wl,-E
sed -e "s|%%PREFIX%%|/tmp/_install|" \
-e "s|%%PID_PATH%%|/tmp/_install/logs/nginx.pid|" \
-e "s|%%CONF_PATH%%|/tmp/_install/conf/nginx.conf|" \
-e "s|%%ERROR_LOG_PATH%%|/tmp/_install/logs/error.log|" \
< man/nginx.8 > objs/nginx.8
make[1]: Leaving directory `/tmp/nginx-1.17.0'
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0#
如果没有指定 –builddir，那么build过程会在 objs 目录下执行，最终会生成可执行文件：
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0# find -name nginx
./objs/nginx
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0#
当然，除了可执行文件外，还有若干配置文件，通过make install可以将相关文件都安装到 –prefix 指定的目录下
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0# ls -l /tmp/_install
total 0
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0#
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0# make install
make -f objs/Makefile install
make[1]: Entering directory `/tmp/nginx-1.17.0'
test -d '/tmp/_install' || mkdir -p '/tmp/_install'
test -d '/tmp/_install/sbin' \
|| mkdir -p '/tmp/_install/sbin'
test ! -f '/tmp/_install/sbin/nginx' \
|| mv '/tmp/_install/sbin/nginx' \
'/tmp/_install/sbin/nginx.old'
... # 省略了很多输出
test -d '/tmp/_install/logs' \
|| mkdir -p '/tmp/_install/logs'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/tmp/nginx-1.17.0'
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0#
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0#
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0# ls -l /tmp/_install
total 16
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 6月 5 10:25 conf
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 6月 5 10:25 html
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 6月 5 10:25 logs
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 6月 5 10:25 sbin
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0#
观察
make install 之后，会在我们指定的 –prefix 目录下生成若干个文件夹和文件，类似如下：
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0# cd /tmp/_install/
root@AppUbuntu32:_install#
root@AppUbuntu32:_install# tree
.
├── conf
│ ├── fastcgi.conf
│ ├── fastcgi.conf.default
│ ├── fastcgi_params
│ ├── fastcgi_params.default
│ ├── koi-utf
│ ├── koi-win
│ ├── mime.types
│ ├── mime.types.default
│ ├── nginx.conf
│ ├── nginx.conf.default
│ ├── scgi_params
│ ├── scgi_params.default
│ ├── uwsgi_params
│ ├── uwsgi_params.default
│ └── win-utf
├── html
│ ├── 50x.html
│ └── index.html
├── logs
└── sbin
└── nginx
4 directories, 18 files
root@AppUbuntu32:_install#
其中 sbin/nginx 是主要的可执行文件，html/ 下用于保存页面文件，css、img等也可以保存于该目录下。conf 目录下有较多的配置文件，最常用的就是 nginx.conf 文件。
运行
执行 ./sbin/nginx 可以直接运行，可以看到一旦运行 –prefix 目录下多出了若干个文件夹和文件，主要是一些临时文件和日志文件。
root@AppUbuntu32:sbin# ./nginx -
root@AppUbuntu32:sbin# cd ..
root@AppUbuntu32:_install# ls -l
total 36
drwx------ 2 nobody root 4096 6月 5 10:38 client_body_temp
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 6月 5 10:25 conf
drwx------ 2 nobody root 4096 6月 5 10:38 fastcgi_temp
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 6月 5 10:25 html
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 6月 5 10:38 logs
drwx------ 2 nobody root 4096 6月 5 10:38 proxy_temp
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 6月 5 10:25 sbin
drwx------ 2 nobody root 4096 6月 5 10:38 scgi_temp
drwx------ 2 nobody root 4096 6月 5 10:38 uwsgi_temp
root@AppUbuntu32:_install#
root@AppUbuntu32:_install#
root@AppUbuntu32:_install# ls -l logs/
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 6月 5 10:38 access.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 6月 5 10:38 error.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6 6月 5 10:38 nginx.pid
root@AppUbuntu32:_install#
root@AppUbuntu32:_install#
root@AppUbuntu32:_install# ps -aef | grep nginx
root 14748 1 0 10:38 ? 00:00:00 nginx: master process ./nginx -
nobody 14749 14748 0 10:38 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process
root 14757 29900 0 10:39 pts/4 00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx
root@AppUbuntu32:_install#
另外，可以看到有2个nginx进程，这是因为nginx采用主进程（管理工作进程）和工作进程的方式运行，其中工作进程数量可以配置，一般和cpu数量一致或者成倍数。
交叉编译
官网上，并没有描述交叉编译的介绍，这里根据实际情况做一些介绍。
编译过程同样分成：
- 下载、解压缩
- 配置
- 编译
- 安装
- 以及解决第三方库依赖的问题
- 报错以及问题解决
下载、解压缩
root@AppUbuntu32:~# cd /tmp/
root@AppUbuntu32:tmp# wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.17.0.tar.gz
root@AppUbuntu32:tmp# tar -xzvf nginx-1.17.0.tar.gz
root@AppUbuntu32:tmp# cd nginx-1.17.0/
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0#
配置
相对于宿主机直接编译宿主机的目标程序，交叉编译中配置环节相对复杂很多，这里做一些简单的说明：
交叉编译链
首先，需要明确交叉编译和直接编译最主要的不一样是编译工具不一样，要使用目标机器的交叉编译链，从而实现编译后的二进制文件可以运行于目标机器上。这里有一款我系统中的arm的交叉编译链：
root@AppUbuntu32:one-arm-cross# pwd
/home/sdks/one-arm-cross
root@AppUbuntu32:one-arm-cross# ls -l
total 28
drwxrwxrwx 6 root root 4096 3月 3 2018 arm-buildroot-linux-gnueabi
drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 4096 3月 3 2018 bin
drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 4096 3月 3 2018 include
drwxrwxrwx 5 root root 4096 3月 3 2018 lib
drwxrwxrwx 4 root root 4096 3月 3 2018 libexec
drwxrwxrwx 9 root root 4096 3月 3 2018 share
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 72 3月 3 2018 version
root@AppUbuntu32:one-arm-cross#
root@AppUbuntu32:one-arm-cross# ./bin/arm-linux-gcc -v
Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=./bin/arm-linux-gcc
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/home/sdks/ruijieh10g/bin/../libexec/gcc/arm-buildroot-linux-gnueabi/4.8.5/lto-wrapper
Target: arm-buildroot-linux-gnueabi
Configured with: ./configure --prefix=/home/zhou/newsvn/buildroot/buildroot-2015.08.1/output/host/usr --sysconfdir=/home/zhou/newsvn/buildroot/buildroot-2015.08.1/output/host/etc --enable-static --target=arm-buildroot-linux-gnueabi --with-sysroot=/home/zhou/newsvn/buildroot/buildroot-2015.08.1/output/host/usr/arm-buildroot-linux-gnueabi/sysroot --disable-__cxa_atexit --with-gnu-ld --disable-libssp --disable-multilib --with-gmp=/home/zhou/newsvn/buildroot/buildroot-2015.08.1/output/host/usr --with-mpfr=/home/zhou/newsvn/buildroot/buildroot-2015.08.1/output/host/usr --with-pkgversion='Buildroot 2015.08.1-svn724' --with-bugurl=http://bugs.buildroot.net/ --disable-libquadmath --enable-tls --disable-libmudflap --enable-threads --with-mpc=/home/zhou/newsvn/buildroot/buildroot-2015.08.1/output/host/usr --without-isl --without-cloog --with-float=soft --disable-decimal-float --with-abi=aapcs-linux --with-cpu=cortex-a9 --with-float=soft --with-mode=arm --enable-languages=c,c++ --enable-poison-system-directories --with-build-time-tools=/home/zhou/newsvn/buildroot/buildroot-2015.08.1/output/host/usr/arm-buildroot-linux-gnueabi/bin --enable-shared --disable-libgomp --disable-libquadmath --with-gnu-as --disable-nls --enable-long-long --enable-lto --enable-c99 --with-arch=armv7-a
Thread model: posix
gcc version 4.8.5 (Buildroot 2015.08.1-svn724)
root@AppUbuntu32:one-arm-cross#
查看其gcc的版本，可以看到为 4.8.5，同时也可以看到生成该交叉编译链的一些基本信息。
使用交叉编译链配置
交叉编译链目录下有若干个目录和较多的文件，我们需要关注的包括：
- –with-cc
- –with-cpp
- –with-cc_opt
- –with-ld
- –with-ld_opt
--with-cc 就是指定gcc： --with-cc=/home/sdks/one-arm-cross/bin/arm-linux-gcc
--with-cpp 就是指定g++： --with-cpp=/home/sdks/one-arm-cross/bin/arm-linux-g++
--with-ld 就是指定链接工具ld: --with-ld=/home/sdks/one-arm-cross/bin/arm-linux-ld
对于指定cc和ld，cc和ld的选项相对复杂一些，一般cc要指定include目录、添加特定的宏，而ld一般要指定第三方库的目录，我这边的使用方式如下：
--with-cc-opt="-I/home/sdks/ruijieh10g/arm-buildroot-linux-gnueabi/sysroot/usr/include"
--with-ld-opt="-L/home/sdks/ruijieh10g/arm-buildroot-linux-gnueabi/sysroot/usr/lib"
另外为了简化过程，暂时去掉部分模块，比如ssl、zip等，所以配置命令如下：
./configure --prefix=/tmp/_install --with-cc=/home/sdks/one-arm-cross/bin/arm-linux-gcc --with-cpp=/home/sdks/one-arm-cross/bin/arm-linux-g++ --with-cc-opt="-I/home/sdks/ruijieh10g/arm-buildroot-linux-gnueabi/sysroot/usr/include" --with-ld-opt="-L/home/sdks/ruijieh10g/arm-buildroot-linux-gnueabi/sysroot/usr/lib" --without-http_rewrite_module --without-http_gzip_module --without-http_upstream_zone_module --without-http_charset_module --without-http_ssi_module --without-http_userid_module --without-http_access_module --without-http_auth_basic_module --without-http_autoindex_module --without-http_geo_module --without-http_map_module --without-http_split_clients_module --without-http_referer_module --without-http_proxy_module --without-http_uwsgi_module --without-http_scgi_module --without-http_memcached_module --without-http_limit_conn_module --without-http_limit_req_module --without-http_empty_gif_module --without-http_upstream_hash_module --without-http_upstream_ip_hash_module --without-http_upstream_least_conn_module --without-http_upstream_keepalive_module --without-mail_pop3_module --without-mail_imap_module --without-mail_smtp_module --without-stream_limit_conn_module --without-stream_access_module --without-stream_upstream_hash_module --without-stream_upstream_least_conn_module --without-stream_upstream_zone_module
这里会有一些报错，具体报错和如何解决参考后续章节。
和宿主机直接编译类似，配置完成后，会给出提示，类似如下：
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0# ./configure --prefix=/tmp/_install --with-cc=/home/sdks/one-arm-cross/bin/arm-linux-gcc --with-cpp=/home/sdks/one-arm-cross/bin/arm-linux-g++ --with-cc-opt="-I/home/sdks/ruijieh10g/arm-buildroot-linux-gnueabi/sysroot/usr/include" --with-ld-opt="-L/home/sdks/ruijieh10g/arm-buildroot-linux-gnueabi/sysroot/usr/lib" --without-http_rewrite_module --without-http_gzip_module --without-http_upstream_zone_module --without-http_charset_module --without-http_ssi_module --without-http_userid_module --without-http_access_module --without-http_auth_basic_module --without-http_autoindex_module --without-http_geo_module --without-http_map_module --without-http_split_clients_module --without-http_referer_module --without-http_proxy_module --without-http_uwsgi_module --without-http_scgi_module --without-http_memcached_module --without-http_limit_conn_module --without-http_limit_req_module --without-http_empty_gif_module --without-http_upstream_hash_module --without-http_upstream_ip_hash_module --without-http_upstream_least_conn_module --without-http_upstream_keepalive_module --without-mail_pop3_module --without-mail_imap_module --without-mail_smtp_module --without-stream_limit_conn_module --without-stream_access_module --without-stream_upstream_hash_module --without-stream_upstream_least_conn_module --without-stream_upstream_zone_module
checking for OS
+ Linux 4.4.0-31-generic i686
checking for C compiler ... found
+ using GNU C compiler
+ gcc version: 4.8.5 (Buildroot 2015.08.1-svn724)
checking for gcc -pipe switch ... found
checking for --with-ld-opt="-L/home/sdks/ruijieh10g/arm-buildroot-linux-gnueabi/sysroot/usr/lib" ... found
... ... # 省略了很多输出
checking for getaddrinfo() ... found
creating objs/Makefile
Configuration summary
+ PCRE library is not used
+ OpenSSL library is not used
+ zlib library is not used
nginx path prefix: "/tmp/_install"
nginx binary file: "/tmp/_install/sbin/nginx"
nginx modules path: "/tmp/_install/modules"
nginx configuration prefix: "/tmp/_install/conf"
nginx configuration file: "/tmp/_install/conf/nginx.conf"
nginx pid file: "/tmp/_install/logs/nginx.pid"
nginx error log file: "/tmp/_install/logs/error.log"
nginx http access log file: "/tmp/_install/logs/access.log"
nginx http client request body temporary files: "client_body_temp"
nginx http fastcgi temporary files: "fastcgi_temp"
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0#
编译
执行make，即可完成编译。如果遇到错误，参考一下后续章节。
安装和运行
安装可以执行 make install，在prefix目录下会出现若干个文件夹，里面包含了若干个配置文件和可执行文件等。
将这些文件复制到目标机器上既可以运行了。
这里需要注意：目标机器的上保存或者运行nginx的路径要和prefix一致，否则直接运行会导致nginx找不到配置文件。
配置错误以及解决方法
执行configure命令的时候，陆陆续续会有若干错误，这里笔者把自己遇到过的错误和解决方法给出，可能解决方法并不是最合适的，但是使用下来是可以解决问题的。
编译器找不到错误
报错现象：
./configure: error: C compiler /home/sdks/one-arm-cross/bin/arm-linux-gcc is not found
先给出解决办法：
修改 auto/feature 大概 42行，把 $CC 修改成 gcc.
修改前：
cat << END > $NGX_AUTOTEST.c
#include
$NGX_INCLUDE_UNISTD_H
$ngx_feature_incs
int main(void) {
$ngx_feature_test;
return 0;
}
END
ngx_test="$CC $CC_TEST_FLAGS $CC_AUX_FLAGS $ngx_feature_inc_path \
-o $NGX_AUTOTEST $NGX_AUTOTEST.c $NGX_TEST_LD_OPT $ngx_feature_libs"
ngx_feature_inc_path=
eval "/bin/sh -c \"$ngx_test\" >> $NGX_AUTOCONF_ERR 2>&1"
修改后：
cat << END > $NGX_AUTOTEST.c
#include
$NGX_INCLUDE_UNISTD_H
$ngx_feature_incs
int main(void) {
$ngx_feature_test;
return 0;
}
END
ngx_test="gcc $CC_TEST_FLAGS $CC_AUX_FLAGS $ngx_feature_inc_path \
-o $NGX_AUTOTEST $NGX_AUTOTEST.c $NGX_TEST_LD_OPT $ngx_feature_libs"
ngx_feature_inc_path=
eval "/bin/sh -c \"$ngx_test\" >> $NGX_AUTOCONF_ERR 2>&1"
报错原因：
configure尝试用–with-cc指定的编译器编译一个程序进行运行，用于验证cc工具、以及检查cpu位数、大小端等，但是因为是交叉编译，交叉编译器编译生成的程序并不能在宿主机上运行，所以导致configure报错，大致的报错位置如下：
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0# grep "C compiler" -r . | grep "is not found"
./auto/cc/name: echo $0: error: C compiler $CC is not found
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0#
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0# cat auto/cc/name | more
# Copyright (C) Igor Sysoev
# Copyright (C) Nginx, Inc.
if [ "$NGX_PLATFORM" != win32 ]; then
ngx_feature="C compiler"
ngx_feature_name=
ngx_feature_run=yes
ngx_feature_incs=
ngx_feature_path=
ngx_feature_libs=
ngx_feature_test=
. auto/feature
if [ $ngx_found = no ]; then
echo
echo $0: error: C compiler $CC is not found
echo
exit 1
fi
fi
从上面的脚本来看，变量 ngx_found 的值如果是 no，则报错退出，再初略的查找变量 ngx_found 的复制位置：
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0# grep "ngx_found=" -r .
./auto/feature:ngx_found=no
./auto/feature: ngx_found=yes
./auto/feature: ngx_found=yes
./auto/feature: ngx_found=yes
./auto/feature: ngx_found=yes
./auto/types/typedef:ngx_found=no
./auto/types/typedef: ngx_found=yes
./auto/types/typedef: ngx_found=$ngx_try
./auto/lib/zlib/conf: ngx_found=no
./auto/include:ngx_found=no
./auto/include: ngx_found=yes
root@AppUbuntu32:nginx-1.17.0#
可以看到由若干个类似的地方，通过编译一段程序来检查编译器、大小端等。
无法检测int的大小
报错现象：
checking for int size ...objs/autotest: 1: objs/autotest: Syntax error: word unexpected (expecting ")")
bytes
./configure: error: can not detect int size
先给出解决办法：
修改 auto/cc/sizeof 大概 36 行，把 $CC 修改成 gcc.
另外根据目标机的实际情况，要修改变量 ngx_size 的值，比如我的系统中目标机器是32位的，则大概 46 行左右，设置：ngx_size=4
修改前：
cat << END > $NGX_AUTOTEST.c
#include
#include
$NGX_INCLUDE_UNISTD_H
#include
#include
#include
$NGX_INCLUDE_INTTYPES_H
$NGX_INCLUDE_AUTO_CONFIG_H
int main(void) {
printf("%d", (int) sizeof($ngx_type));
return 0;
}
END
ngx_test="$CC $CC_TEST_FLAGS $CC_AUX_FLAGS \
-o $NGX_AUTOTEST $NGX_AUTOTEST.c $NGX_LD_OPT $ngx_feature_libs"
eval "$ngx_test >> $NGX_AUTOCONF_ERR 2>&1"
if [ -x $NGX_AUTOTEST ]; then
ngx_size=`$NGX_AUTOTEST`
echo " $ngx_size bytes"
fi
case $ngx_size in
4)
ngx_max_value=2147483647
ngx_max_len='(sizeof("-2147483648") - 1)'
;;
修改后：
cat << END > $NGX_AUTOTEST.c
#include
#include
$NGX_INCLUDE_UNISTD_H
#include
#include
#include
$NGX_INCLUDE_INTTYPES_H
$NGX_INCLUDE_AUTO_CONFIG_H
int main(void) {
printf("%d", (int) sizeof($ngx_type));
return 0;
}
END
ngx_test="gcc $CC_TEST_FLAGS $CC_AUX_FLAGS \
-o $NGX_AUTOTEST $NGX_AUTOTEST.c $NGX_LD_OPT $ngx_feature_libs"
eval "$ngx_test >> $NGX_AUTOCONF_ERR 2>&1"
if [ -x $NGX_AUTOTEST ]; then
ngx_size=`$NGX_AUTOTEST`
echo " $ngx_size bytes"
fi
ngx_size=4
case $ngx_size in
4)
ngx_max_value=2147483647
ngx_max_len='(sizeof("-2147483648") - 1)'
;;
错误原因：
和前一个错误类似，configure尝试用指定的编译器编译一小段程序，来检查int类型的大小（cpu的位数），但是交叉编译链编译的程序无法在宿主机运行，所以无法detect int size。
大小端的设定
configure还会自动检测目标主机的大小端情况，但是目前看来这个检测是有问题的（同时，也没有报错），所以需要手动设置，具体参考下一篇文章。
编译错误以及解决方法
有些版本的nginx在编译的时候，还会遇到若干报错（待补充）。
更多交叉编译
前面描述的交叉编译中，我们为了降低难度，去掉了很多模块，包括zip、ssl等，本章节中给出方法，描述不去掉这些模块的情况下如何编译。
另外，除了arm架构的交叉编译，还会尝试mips架构的交叉编译；还会尝试不同版本linux内核（包括openwrt系统）的交叉编译。